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Lysosomal Disorders

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Ahmed Galal, MD, instructor, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, discusses the management of adverse events (AEs) associated with CAR T-cell therapy.

Dr. Galal on Managing AEs Linked With CAR T-Cell Therapy

Ahmed Galal, MD, instructor, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, discusses the use of CAR T-cell therapy in patients with relapsed/refractory lymphomas.

Dr. Galal on CAR T-Cell Therapy in Relapsed/Refractory Lymphomas

Ahmed Galal, MD, instructor, Department of Medicine, Duke Cancer Institute, discusses ways of extending the reach of CAR T-cell therapy in real-world practice.

Dr. Galal on Ways of Extending the Reach of CAR T-Cell Therapy

Patient use of the 2 FDA-approved gene therapy products for sickle cell disease (SCD), Vertex Pharmaceuticals' and CRISPR Therapeutics’ 

 (exa-cel; marketed as Casgevy) and bluebird bio’s 

 (lovo-cel; marketed as Lyfgenia), in the commercial setting has remained low.

Despite the approval of both gene therapy products by the FDA occurring simultaneously on December 8, 2023, only 4 patients have begun treatment with lovo-cel in the commercial setting, while 20 patients are reported to have begun treatment with exa-cel. Alongside the number for lovo-cel, bluebird also pointed out that this year 4 patients have started on elivaldogene autotemcel (Lenti-D, Skysona), its marketed gene therapy for cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy, and 19 patients have started on betibeglogene autotemcel (beti-cel, Zynteglo), its marketed gene therapy for transfusion dependent thalassemia (TDT). As such, bluebird bio has reported 23 total cell collections for SCD/TDT gene therapies lovo-cel and beti-cel. The company expects that patient uptake of the 3 aforementioned therapies will continue to increase, with 85 patient starts expected across the therapies by the end of the year.

“We are seeing clear evidence that our commercial launch is accelerating, with over 20 cell collections completed in SCD and TDT to date in 2024, and more than 40 additional patients already scheduled to initiate the treatment journey for a bluebird gene therapy by the end of this year,” Andrew Obenshain, MBA, the chief executive officer of bluebird bio, said in a statement.

 “We are further encouraged by the commitment to provide patient access across both commercial and government payers, most recently conveyed through multiple positive Medicaid decisions and the growing number of published coverage policies for Lyfgenia, and we expect approximately 85 patient starts across our portfolio this year.”

Notably, unlike lovo-cel, exa-cel is indicated for both SCD and TDT. Since Vertex has not clarified the breakdown of patients treated with exa-cel for each disease, direct comparison is difficult. The approval in TDT came slightly later, with 

“Vertex delivered another strong quarter of revenue growth coupled with outstanding execution across the business, and we are increasing our full year product revenue guidance,” Reshma Kewalramani, MD, the chief executive officer and president of Vertex, said in an August 1, 2024, statement.

 “Our focus for the second half of the year remains on commercial execution in cystic fibrosis and the global launch of Casgevy, readying for the upcoming potential launches of the vanzacaftor triple in cystic fibrosis and suzetrigine in acute pain, while rapidly advancing a robust pipeline that is poised to deliver value for patients and shareholders for the long term.”

Beyond gene therapy for SCD and TDT, uptake of 

hemophilia gene therapies has also been slow

. Although BioMarin’s valoctocogene roxaparvovec (val-rox, marketed as Roctavian) was approved in June 2023, the first patient outside of clinical trials 

 until December 2023, at the Center for Inherited Bleeding Disorders (CIBD) in California.

 Just this month, BioMarin announced that 

 with regard to val-rox, with the company now mainly focusing on distributing the gene therapy in the United States, Germany, and Italy, the 3 countries in which it has been approved for use by relevant regulatory authorities and is reimbursed.

 UniQure and CSL Behring’s hemophilia B gene therapy, etranacogene dezaparvovec (marketed as Hemgenix), which was 

, has also been slow to be embraced by patients.

“We haven't seen a lot of patients dosed yet,” Steven W. Pipe, MD, a professor of pediatric hematology/oncology at CS Mott Children’s Hospital, told 

 regarding Hemegenix earlier in 2024. “And I don't think that’s related to either the enthusiasm of the clinicians or the patients, but really just the mechanics of how to deliver this in the clinical space, as opposed to the research trials... We've seen that a lot of the hemophilia treatment center sites have got their components together, their infrastructure and personnel so that they can actually start delivering this in the commercial setting. And so, I'm really looking forward to seeing this making a difference in patients' lives in a real world setting.”

REFERENCES
1. bluebird bio reports second quarter 2024 results and highlights operational progress and 2024 guidance. News release. bluebird bio, Inc. August 14, 2024. Accessed August 15, 2024. https://investor.bluebirdbio.com/news-releases/news-release-details/bluebird-bio-reports-second-quarter-2024-results-and-highlights
2. Stock dive for bluebird as sickle cell gene therapy lags behind Vertex rival. News article. Anna Bratulic. FirstWord Pharma. August 14, 2024. Accessed August 15, 2024. https://firstwordpharma.com/story/5885598
3. Vertex announces US FDA approval of CASGEVY™ (exagamglogene autotemcel) for the Treatment of Transfusion-Dependent Beta Thalassemia. News release. Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated. January 16, 2024. Accessed August 15, 2024. https://news.vrtx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/vertex-announces-us-fda-approval-casgevytm-exagamglogene
4. Vertex reports second quarter 2024 financial results. News release. Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated. August 1, 2024. Accessed August 15, 2024. https://investors.vrtx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/vertex-reports-second-quarter-2024-financial-results
5. Center for Inherited Blood Disorders Administers Country's First Gene Therapy Infusion to Treat Hemophilia A. News release. Center for Inherited Blood Disorders. January 11, 2024. Accessed August 15, 2024. https://firstwordpharma.com/story/5817834?from=article
6. BioMarin Announces Updated Strategy for ROCTAVIAN® to Focus on U.S., Germany and Ital. News release. BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc. August 5, 2024. Accessed August 15, 2024. https://investors.biomarin.com/news/news-details/2024/BioMarin-Announces-Updated-Strategy-for-ROCTAVIAN-to-Focus-on-U.S.-Germany-and-Italy/default.aspx
7. FDA approves first gene therapy to treat adults with hemophilia B. News release. FDA. November 22, 2022. Accessed August 15, 2024. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-gene-therapy-treat-adults-hemophilia-b

bluebird bio has reported 23 total cell collections for SCD and TDT gene therapies lovo-cel and beti-cel and Vertex Pharmaceuticals has reported approximately 20 cell collections for SCD/TDT gene therapy exa-cel.

Topic

Uptake of Nononcology Gene Therapy Remains Slow in Hematology

(arsa-cel, OTL-200; Orchard Therapeutics) is a gene-edited cell therapy designed to restore arylsulfatase A (ARSA) enzyme activity in children with presymptomatic (PS) late infantile (LI), PS early juvenile (EJ), or early symptomatic (ES) early juvenile (EJ) metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD).

 arsa-cel under the name Lenmeldy to become the first gene therapy for children with MLD to be approved in the United States, following its approval in the European Union, UK, Iceland, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Norway under the name Libmeldy.1 Orchard Therapeutics previously announced that the FDA had accepted the biologics license application with 

The FDA’s decision was based on data from patients treated with arsa-cel across 2 clinical trials (NCT01560182; NCT03392987) and additional patients treated in expanded access frameworks. These patients had follow-up times ranging from 0.64 years to 12.19 years (median, 6.76).

“Metachromatic leukodystrophy, is a really important unmet need in the pediatric community. So, this is a disease that's rare, it affects about one in 40,000 children. And up until recently, we have had no curative treatment option for this,” Madeleine Powys, MBBS, Staff Specialist, Blood Transplant and Cell Therapies, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, told 

. "Autologous hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy has offered really promising new hope for these patients.”

Madeleine Powys, MBBS, on Lessons Learned With Libmeldy

Arsa-cel is currently being evaluated in 6 participants enrolled in a phase 3 clinical trial (NCT04283227). The trial enrolled participants with documented biochemical and molecular diagnosis of MLD, including low ARSA activity and identification of 2 disease-causing ARSA alleles, with novel mutations analyzed and excluded as common polymorphisms, alongside specific genotype criteria. Symptomatic individuals must have onset between 7 and 17 years of age, or pre-symptomatic participants must be less than 17 years at treatment initiation and have a sibling with late-juvenile MLD variant, along with normal cognitive and motor function, with seizures or disease signs revealed by instrumental evaluations not being exclusionary if present alone, and compliance with contraceptive use requirements if applicable, with signed informed consent or assent provided by the participant or guardian.

The exclusion criteria for the study include documented HIV infection, malignant neoplasia except localized skin cancer or hereditary cancer syndrome unless successfully treated with no recurrence, myelodysplasia, acute myeloid leukemia, or serious hematological disorders, current enrollment in other interventional trials, prior allogeneic HSPC gene therapy or gene therapy, symptomatic herpes zoster unresponsive to treatment, active tuberculosis unless on antibiotic prophylaxis, acute or chronic stable Hepatitis B or positive Hepatitis C RNA test result unless specific conditions are met, end-organ dysfunction, severe infection not responsive to treatment, or other severe diseases deemed inappropriate for the study by the investigator. Additionally, testing for other transmissible infectious agents may be considered, and participants with elevated liver enzymes or bilirubin may be included after discussion and agreement with the medical monitor.

The study’s primary measures involve assessing the OTpbmsL-200 Arylsulfatase A (ARSA) activity levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the neuronal metabolite ratio of N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) to creatine (Cr) in white matter brain regions, both evaluated at 24 months post-treatment, with changes from baseline being monitored.

Secondary measures involve evaluating changes in ARSA activity levels in CSF and neuronal metabolite ratio in white matter brain regions, assessing ARSA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and specific subtypes, comparing neuronal metabolite ratios to baseline, siblings, or untreated controls, determining engraftment through lentiviral positivity in bone marrow progenitors and vector copy number in BM cells and PBMCs, assessing severity scale for brain MRI, neurocognitive function, full neurological clinical examination, gross motor function classification, nerve conduction velocity, Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, and monitoring conditioning regimen and non-conditioning-related adverse events up to 8 years post gene therapy, along with hematological reconstitution, infusion-related reactions, immune response, abnormal clonal proliferation, replication-competent lentivirus, and integration site analysis findings over time.

, held February 4-9, in San Diego, California, by Vera Gallo, MD, staff pediatrician, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy. The data were from 5 patients with LJ MLD that had follow-up ranging from 3.2 to 21.3 months (median, 17.3). At the time of treatment, 3 patients had PS MLD and 2 had ES MLD. The group included a 2.7-year-old girl (PS), a 9.9-year-old boy (ES), a 15.2-year-old boy (PS), a 6.6-year-old girl (PS), and 10.9-year-old boy (ES) as of the December 2023 cutoff date.

"This represents of course, the proof of principle that gene therapy with ex- vivo lentiviral gene therapy into stem cells can correct a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD)... and could be applicable to other LSDS. So we're working on new diseases to bring this approach of enzyme correction also to other LSDs," investigator Alessandro Aiuti, MD, PhD, deputy director, clinical research, and head, Clinical Research Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for gene therapy, and Group leader, Pathogenesis and therapy, primary immunodeficiencies unit, and full professor, Università Vita Salute San Raffaele, and chief of clinic, Pediatric Immunohematology Unit, San Raffaele, told 

Data from these participants showed that they all had normal hematological reconstitution and engraftment that was consistent with arsa-cel outcomes seen in patients with early-onset MLD who have been treated in other settings. Time to neutrophil engraftment ranged from 26 to 42 days (median, 33) posttreatment and time to platelet engraftment ranged from 25 to 46 days (median, 26) posttreatment. ARSA activity reached supranormal levels in the PBMCs and in CD15+ cells and increased to normal levels in the CSF in 3 patients for whom central nervous system pharmacodynamic efficacy measures were available.At 90 days after administration of arsa-cel transduced bone marrow progenitors made up between 23.81% to 81.25% of bone marrow progenitors. At this time point, the PBMCs showed a median vector copy number (VCN) of 0.49 copies/cell and the CD15+ cells showed a median VCN of 0.82 copies/cell.

In terms of safety, there were no serious adverse events (SAEs) deemed potentially related to arsa-cel. One nonserious AE deemed potentially related to the therapy, a case of erythematous rash, occurred in 1 patient. No SAEs deemed potentially related to the Busulfan conditioning regimen occurred; although cases of febrile neutropenia, cytopenia, and stomatitis were deemed to have potential relation to the regimen. An SAE of upper respiratory tract infection occurred in 1 patient. One patient with prolonged thrombocytopenia who had previously experienced treatment-failure with allogeneic transplant in the form of autologous reconstitution was administered thrombopoietin receptor agonist therapy for 5 months. No multilineage engraftment of transduced cells or malignancy occurred and there was no indication of clonal expansion or replication competent lentivirus.

1. FDA Approves First Gene Therapy for Children with Metachromatic Leukodystrophy. News release. Orchard Therapeutics. March 18, 2024. Accessed March 18, 2024. https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-gene-therapy-children-metachromatic-leukodystroph
2. Orchard Therapeutics announces acceptance of biologics license application for OTL-200 in MLD and receives priority review. News release. Orchard Therapeutics. September 18, 2023. Accessed September 18, 2023. https://ir.orchard-tx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/orchard-therapeutics-announces-acceptance-biologics-license
3. Fumagalli F, Calbi V, De Mattia F, et al. Long-term clinical outcomes of atidarsageneautotemcel (autologous hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy) preserves cognitive and motor development in early-onset metachromatic leukodystrophy with up to 12 years follow-up. Presented at: WORLDSymposium, held February 4-9, in San Diego, California. Poster #92
4. Gallo V, Calbi V, De Mattia F, et al. Lentiviral hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy (atidarsageneautotemcel) for late juvenile metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD). Presented at: WORLDSymposium, held February 4-9, in San Diego, California. Poster #96

The gene-edited cell therapy has been approved as Lenmeldy by the FDA. 

Phase 3 Trial Seeks to Continue Supporting Arsa-Cel Gene Therapy for MLD 

the European Hematology Association (EHA) 2025 Congress

, held June 12 to 15, both virtually and in Milan, Italy, Galapagos presented new data regarding GLPG5101, an investigational. CD19-directed chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy product. During the conference, 

 interviewed Omotayo Fasan, MRCP, DTM&H, MBBS, the head of the clinical development program at Galapagos, about the findings.

Fasan discussed the design of GLPG5101 and went over the key data points and their implications. He also touched on future plans for the therapy and other cell therapy products in the company's pipeline.

 Can you give some background context about Galapagos’ EHA presentation?

 At EHA 2025, Galapagos is presenting new data from its ATALANTA-1 study, an ongoing phase 1/2 clinical trial of GLPG5101, a CD19-directed CAR-T cell therapy candidate for relapsed/refractory nonHodgkin lymphoma (r/r NHL). This therapy is manufactured using Galapagos’ innovative decentralized platform, which enables delivery of fresh, stem-like early memory T-cells in a median vein-to-vein time of just 7 days.

This study represents a breakthrough in operationalizing decentralized manufacturing, making fresh CAR-T therapy more accessible and feasible across multiple sites and lymphoma subtypes. The EHA presentation demonstrates the potential of this novel “fresh and fast” approach with a favorable safety profile. The low incidence of high-grade toxicities makes such a therapy ideal for development as an out-patient therapy, meaning less patients are hospitalized to treat side-effects and lower costs for the healthcare system.

What are some of the key findings Galapagos is presenting at EHA this year?

Key highlights from the EHA presentation include:

High Fresh Cell Utilization: 95% of patients received fresh CAR-T products, avoiding cryopreservation, which is associated with reduced toxicity, good expansion, and an early memory phenotype cell profile.

Short Vein-to-Vein Time: Approximately 9 out of 10 patients achieved infusion within 7 days of leukapheresis, thereby avoiding the need for cytotoxic bridging therapy —significantly faster than the 4–6 weeks typical of current CAR-T therapies.

Favorable Safety Profile: Only 1 grade 3 cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and 1 grade 3 immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS) were reported, with most grade ≥3 adverse events being hematologic and expected.

Low Attrition: Just 5% of patients dropped out prior to infusion, outperforming industry benchmarks where dropout ranges from 10–30%.

Robust In Vivo Expansion: Consistent expansion of CAR-T cells and maintenance of a stem-like early memory phenotype across all tumor types and dose levels.

How would you summarize the big-picture implications that doctors and the broader healthcare community should take away from these results?

Galapagos’ EHA results suggest a meaningful advance in CAR-T therapy delivery and safety. The decentralized, 7-day manufacturing approach demonstrates that fresh, early memory CAR-T cells can be reliably delivered in a decentralized manner, enhancing physician confidence and expanding treatment access—especially for patients too fragile to wait weeks for traditional CAR-T production.

The potential benefits to patients include:

Rapid vein-to-vein time of 7 days, potentially affording more patients a CAR-T option.

Minimized attrition rates and postleukapheresis dropout rates.

Reduced toxicity and high-grade complications.

Elimination of the need for cytotoxic bridging therapy.

Enhanced outcomes and experiences for both patients and providers by offering a faster, scalable and more accessible therapeutic option.

What are the next steps for this research? Are there any challenges that still need to be addressed?

Galapagos plans to initiate pivotal development for GLPG5101 in 2026, starting with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) as the lead indication, and subsequently following with multiple phase 3 indications as the phase 1/2 cohorts fully enroll. We are aiming for regulatory submissions starting in 2028. Preparations include expanding decentralized manufacturing units (DMUs) across Europe and the US and onboarding additional clinical sites.

Is there anything not covered by the previous questions that you want to share with our audience of doctors and healthcare professionals?

Beyond GLPG5101 in 8 relapsed/refractory B-cell malignancies, Galapagos is developing a broader pipeline, including GLPG5301, an antiBCMA CAR-T for r/r multiple myeloma (PAPILIO-1 phase 1/2 study) and a preclinical T-cell therapy program (uza-cel) in MAGE-A4 positive solid tumors such as Head & Neck cancer, in partnership with Adaptimmune. This platform is not just a delivery mechanism but a transformative ecosystem of 3 key components—integrating an end-to-end xCellit® workflow and monitoring software system, a decentralized, functionally closed, automated manufacturing platform for cell therapies (using Lonza’s Cocoon®), and proprietary quality control and product release processes.

The data from ATALANTA-1 of GLPG5101 demonstrate the potential for our lead CAR-T product candidate—and it also suggest the strong potential of decentralized, fast and fresh cell therapy approaches. By reducing barriers to access and expanding the eligible patient population, Galapagos is working to set a new standard in how advanced personalized cell therapies can be delivered reliably, rapidly, and globally.

This transcript has been edited for clarity.

Click here to view more coverage of EHA's 2025 Congress.

The head of the clinical development program at Galapagos discussed the company's data presented at EHA's 2025 Congress.

Omotayo Fasan, MRCP, DTM&H, MBBS, on Evaluating CAR-T GLPG5101 in R/R NHL

This video originally appeared on our sister site,

The associate professor and the lymphoma stream lead at St Vincent’s Hospital, discussed data from a phase 1b trial for the CD19/CD20–directed bispecific CAR-T.

Matthew Ku, MBBS, FRACP, RACP, FRCPA/RCPA, PhD, on CAR-T Therapy JNJ-90014496's Safety Profile in R/R LBCL

"Overall, only 7 patients, or 28% of the recommended phase 2 dose group, reported a serious treatment emergent adverse event."

Johnson & Johnson’s JNJ-90014496, a CD19 and CD20-directed bispecific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, is currently being evaluated for the treatment of relapsed/refractory (r/r) large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) in a phase 1b clinical trial (NCT05421663). At 

, held June 12 to 15, both virtually and in Milan, Italy, data from this trial were presented.

, interviewed Matthew Ku, MBBS, FRACP, RACP, FRCPA/RCPA, PhD, an associate professor and the lymphoma stream lead at St Vincent’s Hospital, about the findings during the conference. Ku went over the highlights of the safety and efficacy results presented.

Videos

Canonical

The associate professor of medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine discussed safety and efficacy data from a study presented at EHA's 2025 congress.

Saurabh Dahiya, MD, FACP, on CAR-T KITE-363's Safety Profile in R/R B-Cell Lymphoma

"At the highest dose level in CAR naive patients, we observed an objective overall response rate of 87% and a complete remission rate of 78%."

Kite's KITE-363, a dual CD19 and CD20-directed chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, is currently being evaluated for the treatment of relapsed/refractory (r/r) B-cell lymphoma in a phase 1 clinical trial (NCT04989803). Data from this trial were presented at 

, held June 12 to 15, both virtually and in Milan, Italy.

, interviewed Saurabh Dahiya, MD, FACP, an associate professor of medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine and the clinical director of cancer cell therapy in the Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cell Therapy at Stanford Medicine, about the findings. Dahiya went over the safety profile of the CAR-T in the trial and also touched on the efficacy results.

Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapies have provided important new treatment options for patients with hematologic malignancies such as diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Although, recent research has suggested that CAR-T therapies may carry a risk of causing second primary malignancies. 

the 2025 American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Annual Meeting

, held May 30 to June 3, in Chicago, Illinois, Deevyashali Parekh, MBBS, an internal medicine resident at SUNY Upstate Medical University Hospital, presented new research on the prevalence of second primary malignancies following treatment with FDA-approved CAR-T therapies for DLBCL based on electronic medical record (EMR) data. In an interview with 

, Parekh discussed the key findings and their implications, emphasizing that more data is still needed on this topic.

 Can you give some background context about your presentation?

 Around 40% of patients with DLBCL relapse or don't respond to first line therapy. In this setting, 3 approved CAR T-cell treatments have shown promising results. Longitudinal studies are required for long-term outcomes and adverse effects with these treatments, however a body of data exists showing a notable increase in second primary malignancies after these treatments.

What are some of the key findings you presented?

In this study using a deidentified database of EMR data, our study demonstrated an increase in risk of developing myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia compared to propensity matched patients with relapsed/refractory DLBCL not receiving CAR-T therapy.

How would you summarize the big-picture implications that doctors and the broader healthcare community should take away from this new data?

The big-picture implication of this data is that while CAR-T therapy is exhibiting robust responses in patients who have progressed on 2 or more lines of prior treatment, longitudinal studies on long-term follow-up after this treatment are necessary to understand the risk of developing second primary malignancies and weigh the risk versus benefit of these novel therapies.

What are the next steps for this research?

CAR-T treatments are receiving approval and wider usage in recent times. It has been established in smaller cohort studies that hematological second primary malignancies develop in around 12 months after CAR-T therapy and solid tumor malignancies take greater than 24 months. Balanced, propensity matched studies of longer-term follow-up is needed in this cohort to establish whether the risk of second primary malignancies is statistically significantly increased and whether this is due to longer survival in this patient population versus a risk from CAR-T therapy.

Click here to view more coverage of ASCO's 2025 Meeting.

REFERENCE
1. Parekh D. Secondary primary malignancies (SPMs) with CAR-T cell therapy in RR-DLBCL from real-world data. Presented at the 2025 ASCO Annual Meeting, held May 30 to June 3, in Chicago, Illinois. Abstract #7066

The internal medicine resident at SUNY Upstate Medical University Hospital discussed the implications of findings from a deidentified database of EMR data.

Ahmed Galal, MD

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